نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1401)

One of the urban elements are houses in which their configuration has undergone many changes during the Qajar period. Therefore, considering the change in the physical system of houses, it seems that their functional relations must have also witnessed many changes, which has provided the basis for dealing with the issue in the current research. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the changes made in the physical-spatial structure of the architechture of a house during the Qajar period and to evaluate these changes on the functional system of different spaces of the house during this period. Based on this, 9 houses in Tabriz belonging to the Qajar period were selected as research samples for the purpose of this investigation. The analysis of the spatial-functional structure of the houses was conducted using the space syntax technique, in this regards, syntactic mathematical relationships, as well as deepstamp software and syntactic plugin in Grasshopper, were used to analyze the data. The results of the research indicated that with the passage of time and the change in the physical system of the houses during the Qajar period, even though there were changes in the shape and location of some elements and changes in the use of houses, there have not been many changes in its functional system. In other words, “spatial relations” as a subset of functional relations, with the physical transformations of space have not undergone many changes.

The human living environment is formed by a combination of units of body-behavior, called behavior setting with the characteristics of permanent behavioral patterns, physical container and time period. Behavior setting in urban housing has a suitable spatial separation and mainly without spatial and temporal overlap, but, in rural housing, despite its simple appearance, there is a special entanglement between behavioral events and its physical container along with time components that causes the simultaneous use of space and time for behavioral events in the housing environment. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, in this article, the behavior setting theory was specifically used in the behavior- environment study of rural housing with an analytical view. According to the theoretical foundations of the research, features such as: setting activity, people included, enclosed space, time period of setting activity, time and space sequence of settings, separation and aggregation of settings have been studied in the housing environment. Due to the nature of the problem, in the first stage, the descriptive research method was used to illustrate the behavioral settings. The sub-branches of descriptive research method, survey and cross-sectional method were used, which in order to collect data on the characteristics of behavioral settings in a period of one-month, targeted theoretical sampling was used. In the second phase of this study, the data collected in different parts of the characteristics of behavioral settings were analyzed, and then, the data were reviewed based on observation and interview based on open, axial and selective coding of the research method were reviewed. The research data were obtained from tools used for photographing and capturing spatial planning maps and diagrams of behavior settings, and then interviewing and analyzing the observations. The research findings are described in regards to the influence of people performing activities on setting organization, time and space of activities, setting separation, setting aggregation, setting spatial sequence, setting time sequence, setting spatial characteristics, and setting spatial distances. According to the main purpose of the research, the theory of behavior setting has been developed in the study of behavior-housing environment and the methodology of this research can be applied in the “Rural Analysis and Design” course. In conclusion, based on the table of characteristics of behavior sites, there should be three general thematic categories including: 1) General characteristics of the behavior setting, 2) Features related to the system of activities, and 3) Spatial characteristics of the settings should be considered, each of which can be divided into five sub-categories.

The main purpose of this study is to identify the components of teaching the history of Islamic architecture by focusing on the effectiveness of content implementation techniques in accordance with skill and architectural goals and based on the professional experience of university professors to create a conceptual framework and develop theoretical foundations of teaching. The researcher approach in this part of the research is a qualitative approach adopting the phenomenon of phenomenology. Participants included 15 professors of architectural history who were selected through purposive sampling to achieve theoretical saturation. Data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was based on inductive content analysis using coding at three levels: open, axial and selected. The relevant findings showed that the basic categories of effective teaching of architectural history in terms of educational skills include: 1) teaching tailored to personality traits, 2) teaching based on educational skills, 3) teaching based on learning and problem-based design thinking, and 4) Teaching strategies for recognizing and perpetuating concepts and patterns.

One of the steps in designing an architectural plan is planning for the division and arrangement of spaces, as such examining all possible examples of arranging spaces to produce a plan to achieve the desired architecture is one of the concerns of designers and users of residential spaces. But it will not be possible to carry out such a process in a limited time with low cost, high efficiency, and taking into account all the very extensive and fluid rules and regulations, by specialized manpower. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical model of divisions and arrangement of spaces by the automatic design intelligence of architectural plans, based on constraints, criteria, standards, needs, and common dimensions of urban parts using mathematical formulas and data methods. Mining has been done to create diverse cellular structures to present the arrangement of spaces. Accordingly, the research method is based on distinctive research and quantitative analysis, along with the use of machine learning algorithms which is based on the approach of hierarchical structure, regional division, and spatial allocation. Furthermore, the results of this research show that a theoretical model can be presented with computational methods, machine learning algorithms, programming language, and a common urban land matrix, which leads to the creation of elementary intuitions in machines and for the validation of production samples. Based on the modules of squares and rectangles, it is possible to calculate the slope of diameters and sides to be vertical and to prove the parallelism of the design lines.

Nowadays, issues in historical contexts have become a serious and central issue and resulted to a change from the process of evolution and development to recession and erosion. Unfortunately, the historical context of the north of Naqsh Jahan Square in Isfahan has neglected the needs of the residents of the context due to the inability to solve problems at the expense of paying attention to the needs of tourists. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the needs of residents in regenerating this texture to prevent inefficiency and depletion of the native population and the replacement of migrant and heterogeneous population. Now the main question of the research is how to regenerate dysfunctional tissues from the perspective of residents? Therefore, the identification and prioritization of dysfunctional tissue indicators based on people’s views in social, economic, cultural and environmental dimensions and physical dimension have been studied and strategies have been proposed to solve the problems of this tissue. The present research is descriptive-analytical and the data was collected through library research and field study along with a questionnaire. Random sampling was applied and the sample size was calculated by Cochran’s method (322 samples) and the data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed direct positive correlation between dysfunctional texture dimensions, with the highest correlation between social and physical dimensions with the coefficients of 0.725 and 0.687. That is, by organizing and improving each of these dimensions in the neighborhood, an effective step is taken towards urban regeneration.

The historical city of Kashan is one of the historical contexts whose neighborhoods, despite the valuable structure that is facing destruction, have been less studied; In particular, the primary nucleus and its associated neighborhoods and less codified information on the status of these neighborhoods is available; This in itself causes an increase in various interventions and injuries. Meydan Kohneh neighborhood is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city and according to the authors, it was the primary nucleus of the formation of a historical city about which there is no documented research; this neighborhood is the site of the old Jameh Mosque, which dates back to 466 AH according to its minaret inscription. This study intends to study the structure, components and spaces of Meydan Kohneh neighborhood, the evolution of this historical neighborhood. The method of this research is documentary and interpretive-historical; An attempt is made to identify the current situation of the neighborhood, its key elements and uses based on field studies, and then based on the few available historical resources, aerial maps and also the structure of historic neighborhoods in Iranian cities, the situation The existing and historical structure of the center of the neighborhood should be reconstructed and finally this should be compared with the neighborhood of the same name in Qom. Comparison of this neighborhood with its namesake in Qom confirms that both neighborhoods in the past had a relatively similar square and similar use around them, which due to the passage of time, the square has disappeared and has been replaced by the passage (alley) of the old square and other alternative uses.